I would recommend that everyone max out TSP and Roth. The nice thing about the TSP is that they track your tax-free contributions. So if you go to the AOR in January and contribute $500, that money is still untaxed when you withdraw it, though the earnings are still taxed. There are no civilian investments that track that tax-free withdrawal for you. Also, when you go to the AOR you get an extra $225, so pop that in there as well. If you start as an LT, and then increase your amount every January when you get your raise, you never miss it. I did that as a LT and now I am close to the IRS limit of $15,000 a year. It is not as flexible as a civilian investment, but you can take a loan against your TSP account and then pay it back to the account.